Our Swallow model has undergone continual pre-training from the Llama 2 family, primarily with the addition of Japanese language data. The tuned versions use supervised fine-tuning (SFT). Links to other models can be found in the index.

Model Release Updates

We are excited to share the release schedule for our latest models:

April 26, 2024: Released version 0.1 of our enhanced instruction-tuned models: Swallow-7b-instruct-v0.1, Swallow-13b-instruct-v0.1, and Swallow-70b-instruct-v0.1 as preview versions.
March 2, 2024: Released the Swallow-7b-plus-hf, a model trained with approximately twice as many Japanese tokens as Swallow-7b-hf.
February 4, 2024: Released the Swallow-13b-NVE-hf.
January 26, 2024: Released the Swallow-7b-NVE-hf, Swallow-7b-NVE-instruct-hf, Swallow-70b-NVE-hf, and Swallow-70b-NVE-instruct-hf
December 19, 2023: Released the Swallow-7b-hf, Swallow-7b-instruct-hf, Swallow-13b-hf, Swallow-13b-instruct-hf, Swallow-70b-hf, and Swallow-70b-instruct-hf.

Swallow Model Index

Model	Swallow-hf	Swallow-instruct-hf	Swallow-instruct-v0.1
7B	Link	Link	Link
7B-Plus	Link	N/A	N/A
13B	Link	Link	Link
70B	Link	Link	Link

Swallow Model Index NVE (No Vocabulary Expansion)

Model	Swallow-NVE-hf	Swallow-NVE-instruct-hf
7B	Link	Link
13B	Link	N/A
70B	Link	Link

logo

This repository provides large language models developed by TokyoTech-LLM.

Model Details

Model type: Please refer to LLaMA-2 technical report for details on the model architecture.
Language(s): Japanese English
Tokenizer: This model employs a tokenizer that features a broadened vocabulary based on Japanese data. This allows for a more efficient representation of text using fewer tokens, leading to a notably faster inference process.
Contact: swallow[at]nlp.c.titech.ac.jp

Instruct Model Performance

MT-Bench JA

Comparison to the past version

NOTE that the models with the v0.1 suffix are newer versions compared to their original counterparts with the hf.
We report overall (i.e., average over scores of the first and second turns), first, and second turn scores.

Overall

Model	Average	Writing	Roleplay	Reasoning	Math	Coding	Extraction	STEM	Humanities
Swallow-7b-instruct-v0.1	0.3435	0.4450	0.4720	0.1853	0.1920	0.2204	0.3015	0.4594	0.4720
Swallow-7b-instruct-hf	0.1833	0.2205	0.1975	0.1593	0.1045	0.1282	0.2672	0.1908	0.1980
Swallow-13b-instruct-v0.1	0.3669	0.4816	0.5562	0.2769	0.1020	0.1505	0.4179	0.4347	0.5150
Swallow-13b-instruct-hf	0.2004	0.1932	0.2552	0.1507	0.1184	0.1285	0.2641	0.2434	0.2500
Swallow-70b-instruct-v0.1	0.4513	0.4822	0.5353	0.3497	0.3492	0.2668	0.5553	0.4955	0.5767
Swallow-70b-instruct-hf	0.3259	0.2925	0.4283	0.3447	0.1562	0.1856	0.5634	0.3315	0.3071

First Turn

Model	Average	Writing	Roleplay	Reasoning	Math	Coding	Extraction	STEM	Humanities
Swallow-7b-instruct-v0.1	0.3829	0.4960	0.4800	0.2220	0.2820	0.2164	0.3220	0.5440	0.4980
Swallow-7b-instruct-hf	0.2216	0.2830	0.2150	0.1590	0.1080	0.1470	0.3542	0.2450	0.2650
Swallow-13b-instruct-v0.1	0.3948	0.5400	0.5220	0.3020	0.1040	0.1760	0.5040	0.5180	0.4920
Swallow-13b-instruct-hf	0.2304	0.2460	0.2640	0.1610	0.1360	0.1330	0.3070	0.3010	0.2950
Swallow-70b-instruct-v0.1	0.4849	0.5720	0.5020	0.4780	0.3680	0.2467	0.5400	0.5720	0.5960
Swallow-70b-instruct-hf	0.3631	0.3420	0.4007	0.4220	0.1580	0.2044	0.6120	0.4280	0.3360

Second Turn

Model	Average	Writing	Roleplay	Reasoning	Math	Coding	Extraction	STEM	Humanities
Swallow-7b-instruct-v0.1	0.3059	0.3940	0.4640	0.1441	0.1000	0.2253	0.2811	0.3724	0.4449
Swallow-7b-instruct-hf	0.1432	0.1567	0.1798	0.1603	0.1010	0.1085	0.1767	0.1343	0.1295
Swallow-13b-instruct-v0.1	0.3353	0.4213	0.5911	0.2516	0.1000	0.1244	0.3194	0.3473	0.5394
Swallow-13b-instruct-hf	0.1692	0.1364	0.2453	0.1401	0.1000	0.1237	0.2199	0.1850	0.2050
Swallow-70b-instruct-v0.1	0.4179	0.3913	0.5689	0.2184	0.3280	0.2884	0.5711	0.4171	0.5562
Swallow-70b-instruct-hf	0.2872	0.2398	0.4564	0.2647	0.1540	0.1676	0.5118	0.2311	0.2762

Comparison to the existing models

We only provide the overall score in this section.

7B models

Model	Average	Writing	Roleplay	Reasoning	Math	Coding	Extraction	STEM	Humanities
Swallow-7b-instruct-v0.1	0.3435	0.4450	0.4720	0.1853	0.1920	0.2204	0.3015	0.4594	0.4720
ELYZA-japanese-Llama-2-7b-fast-instruct	0.2827	0.3289	0.3907	0.2424	0.1480	0.1584	0.3511	0.3053	0.3365
calm2-7b-chat	0.3204	0.4657	0.4898	0.1837	0.1005	0.1414	0.3927	0.3601	0.4293
calm2-7b-chat-dpo-experimental	0.3493	0.5312	0.5237	0.1857	0.1000	0.1813	0.3355	0.4320	0.5051
RakutenAI-7B-instruct	0.2994	0.3623	0.3711	0.3333	0.1763	0.1581	0.4215	0.2824	0.2901
RakutenAI-7B-chat	0.3667	0.4229	0.4644	0.3990	0.2161	0.2390	0.3416	0.3904	0.4601

13B models

Model	Average	Writing	Roleplay	Reasoning	Math	Coding	Extraction	STEM	Humanities
Swallow-13b-instruct-v0.1	0.3669	0.4816	0.5562	0.2769	0.1020	0.1505	0.4179	0.4347	0.5150
ELYZA-japanese-Llama-2-13b-instruct	0.3196	0.4400	0.4373	0.2098	0.2157	0.1572	0.3583	0.3243	0.4141
ELYZA-japanese-Llama-2-13b-fast-instruct	0.3042	0.3729	0.3930	0.1236	0.2492	0.1862	0.4360	0.3233	0.3496

70B models

Model	Average	Writing	Roleplay	Reasoning	Math	Coding	Extraction	STEM	Humanities
Swallow-70b-instruct-v0.1	0.4513	0.4822	0.5353	0.3497	0.3492	0.2668	0.5553	0.4955	0.5767
japanese-stablelm-instruct-beta-70b	0.3716	0.4179	0.3945	0.3656	0.2580	0.2186	0.4412	0.4663	0.4103

Evaluation Benchmarks

MT-Bench JA

We used Japanese MT-Bench to assess the instruction-following capabilities of models. We utilized the following settings:

Implemantation: FastChat [Zheng+, 2023] (commit #e86e70d0)
Question: Nejumi LLM-Leaderboard NEO, mtbench_ja_question_v3
Reference Answer: Nejumi LLM-Leaderboard NEO, mtbench_ja_referenceanswer_v1
Prompt for Judge: Nejumi LLM-Lederboard NEO, mtbench_ja_prompt_v1
Judge: gpt-4-1106-preview
Scoring: Absolute scale normalized to a 0-1 range, averaged over five runs.

Usage

First install additional dependencies in requirements.txt:

pip install -r requirements.txt

Instruction format Ver0.1

This format must be adhered to strictly, as deviations may result in less optimal outputs from the model.

The template used to construct a prompt for the Instruct model is specified as follows:

<s>[INST] <<SYS>>\n{SYSTEM_PROMPT}\n<</SYS>>\n\n{USER_MESSAGE_1} [/INST] {BOT_MESSAGE_1}</s>[INST] {USER_MESSAGE_2} [/INST]

Please be aware that <s> and </s> are special tokens used for the beginning of string (BOS) and end of string (EOS), respectively, while [INST] and [/INST] are considered regular strings.

For the "{SYSTEM_PROMPT}" part, We recommend using "あなたは誠実で優秀な日本人のアシスタントです。"

For the "{USER_MESSAGE_1}" part, We recommend using {instruction}\n{input}

In other words, We recommend the following:

<s>[INST] <<SYS>>\nあなたは誠実で優秀な日本人のアシスタントです。\n<</SYS>>\n\n{instruction1}\n{input1} [/INST] {BOT_MESSAGE_1}</s>[INST] {instruction2}\n{input2} [/INST]

Use the instruct model Ver0.1

python

import torch
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM

model_name = "tokyotech-llm/Swallow-70b-instruct-v0.1"
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(model_name, torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16, device_map="auto")
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_name)

device = "cuda"

messages = [
    {"role": "system", "content": "あなたは誠実で優秀な日本人のアシスタントです。"},
    {"role": "user", "content": "東京工業大学の主なキャンパスについて教えてください"}
]

encodeds = tokenizer.apply_chat_template(messages, return_tensors="pt")

model_inputs = encodeds.to(device)
model.to(device)

generated_ids = model.generate(model_inputs, max_new_tokens=128, do_sample=True)
decoded = tokenizer.batch_decode(generated_ids)
print(decoded[0])

Training Datasets

Instruction Tuning Ver0.1

The following datasets were used for the instruction tuning.

OpenAssistant Conversations Dataset EN top-1 thread
OpenAssistant Conversations Dataset was used, where human utterances are included but the responses are not used. Instead, the responses were generated using the Mixtral-8x7B-Instruct-v0.1 model.

Risks and Limitations

The models released here are still in the early stages of our research and development and have not been tuned to ensure outputs align with human intent and safety considerations.

Acknowledgements

We thank Meta Research for releasing Llama 2 under an open license for others to build on.

Our project is supported by the ABCI Large-scale Language Model Building Support Program of the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology.

License

Authors

Here are the team members:

From Okazaki Laboratory, the following members:
From YOKOTA Laboratory, the following members:

How to cite

If you find our work helpful, please feel free to cite us.

@inproceedings{Fujii:COLM2024,
   title={Continual Pre-Training for Cross-Lingual LLM Adaptation:
Enhancing Japanese Language Capabilities},
   author={Kazuki Fujii and Taishi Nakamura and Mengsay Loem and Hiroki
Iida and Masanari Ohi and Kakeru Hattori and Hirai Shota and Sakae
Mizuki and Rio Yokota and Naoaki Okazaki},
   booktitle="Proceedings of the First Conference on Language Modeling",
   series={COLM},
   pages="(to appear)",
   year="2024",
   month=oct,
   address={University of Pennsylvania, USA},
}

@inproceedings{Okazaki:COLM2024,
   title={Building a Large Japanese Web Corpus for Large Language Models},
   author={Naoaki Okazaki and Kakeru Hattori and Hirai Shota and Hiroki
Iida and Masanari Ohi and Kazuki Fujii and Taishi Nakamura and Mengsay
Loem and Rio Yokota and Sakae Mizuki},
   booktitle="Proceedings of the First Conference on Language Modeling",
   series={COLM},
   pages="(to appear)",
   year="2024",
   month=oct,
   address={University of Pennsylvania, USA},
}

RichardErkhov/tokyotech-llm_-_Swallow-7b-instruct-v0.1-8bits

Original model description:

Swallow

Model Release Updates

Swallow Model Index

Swallow Model Index NVE (No Vocabulary Expansion)

Model Details

Instruct Model Performance

MT-Bench JA

Comparison to the past version

Overall

First Turn

Second Turn

Comparison to the existing models

7B models

13B models

70B models

Evaluation Benchmarks

MT-Bench JA

Usage

Instruction format Ver0.1

Use the instruct model Ver0.1

Training Datasets

Instruction Tuning Ver0.1

Risks and Limitations

Acknowledgements

License

Authors

How to cite

RichardErkhov/
tokyotech-llm_-_Swallow-7b-instruct-v0.1-8bits