This repository provides a Japanese GPT-NeoX model of 3.6 billion parameters. The model is based on rinna/japanese-gpt-neox-3.6b-instruction-sft-v2 and has been aligned to serve as an instruction-following conversational agent.

Model architecture

A 36-layer, 2816-hidden-size transformer-based language model.
RLHF

Following the OpenAI InstructGPT paper, Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) has been applied to aligning the model's behaviour with input instructions. Particularly, the model has been trained in two stages, i.e. Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) and PPO-based Reinforcement Learning (RL).
- The first SFT stage produces rinna/japanese-gpt-neox-3.6b-instruction-sft-v2.
- The second RL stage produces this model.
PPO vs. SFT evaluation

We conducted human evaluation and ChatGPT-based automated evaluation on 100 prompts to assess the performance gain from reinforcement learning.

PPO vs. SFT win tie loss
Human evaluation 47% 30% 23%
ChatGPT auto. evaluation 63% 3% 34%
Reinforcement learning

We used CarperAI/trlx and its implementation of the PPO algorithm for the RL stage.

The RL data is the subset of the following dataset and has been translated into Japanese.
- Anthropic HH RLHF data

Model Series

Variant	Link
3.6B PPO	https://huggingface.co/rinna/japanese-gpt-neox-3.6b-instruction-ppo
3.6B SFT-v2	https://huggingface.co/rinna/japanese-gpt-neox-3.6b-instruction-sft-v2
3.6B SFT	https://huggingface.co/rinna/japanese-gpt-neox-3.6b-instruction-sft
3.6B pretrained	https://huggingface.co/rinna/japanese-gpt-neox-3.6b

Contributors

Tianyu Zhao and Kei Sawada

Limitations

We found this verison of PPO model tends to generate repeated text more often than its SFT counterpart, and thus we set repetition_penalty=1.1 for better generation performance. (The same generation hyper-parameters are applied to the SFT model in aforementioned evaluation experiments.) You can also explore other hyperparameter combinations that yield higher generation randomness/diversity for better generation quality, e.g. temperature=0.9, repetition_penalty=1.0.

I/O Format

A special format has been adopted to construct inputs.

An input prompt is formatted as a conversation between ユーザー and システム.
Each input utterance consists of (1) its speaker ("ユーザー" or "システム"), (2) a colon (":"), (3) a whitespace (" "), and (4) utterance text (e.g. "世界で一番高い山は？").
The input prompt should be ended with "システム: " to acknowledge the model to generate a response.
Since the model's tokenizer does not recognize "\n", a special newline symbol "<NL>" is used instead.
All the newlines in input and output utterances should be replaced with "<NL>".
All the utterances in the input prompt should be separated by "<NL>".

Following is an example to construct an input from a conversation.

python

prompt = [
    {
        "speaker": "ユーザー",
        "text": "コンタクトレンズを慣れるにはどうすればよいですか？"
    },
    {
        "speaker": "システム",
        "text": "これについて具体的に説明していただけますか？何が難しいのでしょうか？"
    },
    {
        "speaker": "ユーザー",
        "text": "目が痛いのです。"
    },
    {
        "speaker": "システム",
        "text": "分かりました、コンタクトレンズをつけると目がかゆくなるということですね。思った以上にレンズを外す必要があるでしょうか？"
    },
    {
        "speaker": "ユーザー",
        "text": "いえ、レンズは外しませんが、目が赤くなるんです。"
    }
]
prompt = [
    f"{uttr['speaker']}: {uttr['text']}"
    for uttr in prompt
]
prompt = "<NL>".join(prompt)
prompt = (
    prompt
    + "<NL>"
    + "システム: "
)
print(prompt)
# "ユーザー: コンタクトレンズを慣れるにはどうすればよいですか？<NL>システム: これについて具体的に説明していただけますか？何が難しいのでしょうか？<NL>ユーザー: 目が痛いのです。<NL>システム: 分かりました、コンタクトレンズをつけると目がかゆくなるということですね。思った以上にレンズを外す必要があるでしょうか？<NL>ユーザー: いえ、レンズは外しませんが、目が赤くなるんです。<NL>システム: "

How to use the model

python

import torch
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM

tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("rinna/japanese-gpt-neox-3.6b-instruction-ppo", use_fast=False)
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("rinna/japanese-gpt-neox-3.6b-instruction-ppo")

if torch.cuda.is_available():
    model = model.to("cuda")

token_ids = tokenizer.encode(prompt, add_special_tokens=False, return_tensors="pt")

with torch.no_grad():
    output_ids = model.generate(
        token_ids.to(model.device),
        do_sample=True,
        max_new_tokens=128,
        temperature=0.7,
        repetition_penalty=1.1,
        pad_token_id=tokenizer.pad_token_id,
        bos_token_id=tokenizer.bos_token_id,
        eos_token_id=tokenizer.eos_token_id
    )

output = tokenizer.decode(output_ids.tolist()[0][token_ids.size(1):])
output = output.replace("<NL>", "\n")
print(output)
"""それは、コンタクトレンズが目に合わないために起こることがあります。レンズが目の表面に長時間触れ続けることが原因となることがあります。また、コンタクトレンズが汚れている可能性もあります。コンタクトレンズケースを定期的に洗浄したり、コンタクトレンズを正しくフィットさせるようにしたりすることが役立ちます。</s>"""

Tokenization

The model uses a sentencepiece-based tokenizer.

The tokenizer has a vocabulary size of 32,000.
It uses sentencepiece's byte fallback feature to decompose unknown text pieces into UTF-8 byte pieces and to avoid producing <UNK> tokens.

sentencepiece's --add_dummy_prefix option was turned off so that a leading whitespace will not be prepended automatically.

print(tokenizer.tokenize("吾輩は猫である"))
# ['吾', '輩', 'は', '猫', 'である']
# instead of ['▁', '吾', '輩', 'は', '猫', 'である'] as in rinna/japanese-gpt-1b

sentencepiece's --remove_extra_whitespaces option was turned off so that leading, trailing, and duplicate whitespaces are reserved.

print(tokenizer.tokenize("  吾輩は  猫である   "))
# ['▁', '▁', '吾', '輩', 'は', '▁', '▁', '猫', 'である', '▁', '▁', '▁']
# instead of ['▁', '吾', '輩', 'は', '▁猫', 'である'] as in rinna/japanese-gpt-1b

Don't forget to set use_fast=False to make the above features function correctly.

good_tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("rinna/japanese-gpt-neox-3.6b", use_fast=False)
bad_tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("rinna/japanese-gpt-neox-3.6b")

print(good_tokenizer.decode(good_tokenizer.encode("გამარჯობა  吾輩は  猫である   ")))
# 'გამარჯობა  吾輩は  猫である   </s>'
print(bad_tokenizer.decode(bad_tokenizer.encode("გამარჯობა  吾輩は  猫である   ")))
# 'გამარ[UNK]ობა 吾輩は 猫である </s>'

How to cite

bibtex

@misc{rinna-japanese-gpt-neox-3.6b-instruction-ppo,
    title = {rinna/japanese-gpt-neox-3.6b-instruction-ppo},
    author = {Zhao, Tianyu and Sawada, Kei},
    url = {https://huggingface.co/rinna/japanese-gpt-neox-3.6b-instruction-ppo}
}

@inproceedings{sawada2024release,
    title = {Release of Pre-Trained Models for the {J}apanese Language},
    author = {Sawada, Kei and Zhao, Tianyu and Shing, Makoto and Mitsui, Kentaro and Kaga, Akio and Hono, Yukiya and Wakatsuki, Toshiaki and Mitsuda, Koh},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2024 Joint International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC-COLING 2024)},
    month = {5},
    year = {2024},
    pages = {13898--13905},
    url = {https://aclanthology.org/2024.lrec-main.1213},
    note = {\url{https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.01657}}
}

Licenese

The MIT license

PPO vs. SFT	win	tie	loss
Human evaluation	47%	30%	23%
ChatGPT auto. evaluation	63%	3%	34%

RichardErkhov/rinna_-_japanese-gpt-neox-3.6b-instruction-ppo-4bits

Original model description:

japanese-gpt-neox-3.6b-instruction-ppo

Overview