We proudly present the family of GaMS (Generative Model for Slovene) models. The 1B version is based on Facebook's OPT model and is adapted for Slovene. OPT_GaMS models use the original OPT tokenizer. This is the instruction-tuned version of the model.
Acknowledgment
The model was developed within the PoVeJMo research program (Adaptive Natural Language Processing with Large Language Models), particularly within the research project titled SloLLaMai -- Open-access computationally efficient models for Slovenian. The program is funded within the Recovery and Resilience Plan by the Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency (ARIS) and NextGenerationEU. The authors also acknowledge the financial support from the Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency (research core funding No. P6-0411 -- Language Resources and Technologies for Slovene).
We thank everyone who worked on data collection and preparation, enabling us to train our model. Special thanks go to Nikola Ljubešić, Tjaša Arčon, Jaka Čibej, Simon Krek, Tomaž Erjavec and Iztok Kosem.
Basic information
Developed by: team of researchers at the University of Ljubljana, Faculty for Computer and Information Science and XLAB.doo. Team members: Domen Vreš, Martin Božič, Aljaž Potočnik, Tomaž Martinčič, Iztok Lebar Bajec, Timotej Petrič and Marko Robnik-Šikonja.
This version of the model is quite small and lacks safety tuning. Hence, using it as a general-purpose model is STRONGLY DISCOURAGED! The model might also contain certain biases. We do not recommend the usage of this model in any other language than Slovene.
The model can be efficiently tuned for specific use cases as suggested by promising results of fine-tuned models on SuperGLUE and SI-NLI benchmarks
How to get started with the model
The inference can be done using the following snippet of code:
python
1import transformers
23model_id =("cjvt/OPT_GaMS-1B-Chat")45pipeline = transformers.pipeline(6"text-generation",7 model=model_id,8 device_map="auto"9)1011# Example of response generation12message =[{"role":"user","content":"Kateri je najpomembnejši dogodek v slovenski zgodovini?"}]13response = pipeline(message, max_length=100)14print("Model's response:", response[0]["generated_text"][-1]["content"])1516# Example of conversation chain17new_message = response[0]["generated_text"]18new_message.append({"role":"user","content":"Lahko bolj podrobno opišeš ta dogodek?"})19response = pipeline(new_message, max_length=500)20print("Model's response:", response[0]["generated_text"][-1]["content"])
Training details
Training data
The model was additionally pretrained on the following Slovene, English, and Croatian-Bosnian-Serbian (CBS) corpora:
Corpus
Language
# Tokens
Percentage
MetaFida
Slovene
6.59 B
13.89 %
KAS
Slovene
3.61 B
7.62 %
Trendi
Slovene
1.4 B
2.96 %
mC4
Slovene
5.5 B
11.6 %
MaCoCu
Slovene
4.68 B
9.86 %
CC100
Slovene
0.54 B
1.14 %
Riznica
Croatian
0.21 B
0.44 %
Hr News
Croatian
4.16 B
8.77 %
MaCoCu HBS
CBS
15.65 B
32.98 %
Wikipedia
English
4.7 B
9.9 %
CC-News
English
0.4 B
0.83 %
The total size of additional training data is 47.44 B tokens.
Training Procedure
The model was trained using the NeMo framework on Slovene HPC Vega, utilizing 64 A100 GPUs simultaneously. Training took approximately 16 hours. The model was trained with batch size 1024 (2 million tokens) using Adam optimizer and cosine learning rate scheduler with 1000 warmup and constant steps.
Supervised Finetuning (SFT)
The model was trained on GaMS-Instruct dataset (20.000 examples). The curated version of the dataset (7.000 examples) is publicly available. 19.050 examples were used as a training set and 950 examples were used as a validation set.
The model was LoRA tuned on 7 epochs with rank 1024. The model was trained with batch size 64 using Adam optimizer and cosine learning rate scheduler with 300 warmup steps.
Evaluation
The models were evaluated using Slovene SuperGLUE and SI-NLI tasks on SloBench. Additionally, the models were evaluated on an improved version of the Slovenian-LLM-eval introduced by Aleksa Gordić. All decoder-type models were evaluated using few-shot prompts and were not finetuned on the benchmark (except for the versions with finetuned in the name).
SuperGLUE results
Model
SuperGLUE Average
BoolQ Accuracy
CB Accuracy
CB F1 Score
CB Average
COPA Accuracy
MultiRC EM
MultiRC F1a Score
MultiRC Average
RTE Accuracy
WSC Accuracy
OPT_GaMS-1B
0.4408
0.5667
0.5040
0.3885
0.4463
0.5020
0.0961
0.2543
0.1752
0.4138
0.5411
GaMS-1B
0.4604
0.5000
0.6200
0.4565
0.5382
0.4920
0.1351
0.2675
0.2013
0.4828
0.5479
OPT_GaMS-1B-Chat
0.4165
0.7000
0.3720
0.2961
0.3341
0.4600
0.1111
0.3448
0.2280
0.4138
0.3630
GaMS-1B-Chat
0.4570
0.8000
0.4880
0.3023
0.3951
0.4840
0.1081
0.2428
0.1755
0.5172
0.3699
OPT_GaMS-1B-Chat finetuned
0.5645
0.7000
0.8040
0.5884
0.6962
0.5860
0.1021
0.4808
0.2914
0.5862
0.5274
GaMS-1B-Chat finetuned
0.5806
0.7333
0.8120
0.5592
0.6856
0.5080
0.1381
0.4882
0.3132
0.5862
0.6575
SlovenianGPT-Chat*
0.5078
0.7333
0.3920
0.3829
0.3874
0.6840
0.2432
0.4944
0.3688
0.5172
0.3562
CroSloEngual BERT
0.6078
0.7333
0.7920
0.7437
0.7679
0.5720
0.0931
0.5241
0.3086
0.6552
0.6096
*SlovenianGPT-Chat was obtained by instruction-tuning Aleksa Gordić's SlovenianGPT on our instruction dataset.
SI-NLI results
Model
Accuracy
P(entailment)
R(entailment)
F1(entailment)
P(neutral)
R(neutral)
F1(neutral)
P(contradiction)
R(contradiction)
F1(contradiction)
OPT_GaMS-1B
0.3277
0.3407
0.6754
0.4529
0.3538
0.1402
0.2009
0.2632
0.1524
0.1931
GaMS-1B
0.3317
0.3418
0.4327
0.3819
0.3353
0.5122
0.4053
0.2344
0.0457
0.0765
OPT_GaMS-1B-Chat
0.3447
0.3515
0.6784
0.4631
0.3386
0.3293
0.3338
0.2105
0.0122
0.0231
GaMS-1B-Chat
0.3417
0.3405
0.9737
0.5045
0.2857
0.0061
0.0119
0.4615
0.0183
0.0352
OPT_GaMS-1B-Chat finetuned
0.7244
0.7065
0.8304
0.7634
0.7269
0.6006
0.6578
0.7446
0.7378
0.7412
GaMS-1B-Chat finetuned
0.7144
0.8037
0.6345
0.7092
0.7247
0.6341
0.6764
0.6531
0.8780
0.7490
SlovenianGPT-Chat*
0.4729
0.4399
0.7281
0.5485
0.3719
0.1372
0.2004
0.5723
0.5427
0.5571
GPT-3.5-Turbo finetuned
0.8567
0.8464
0.8538
0.8501
0.8041
0.8384
0.8209
0.9260
0.8780
0.9014
SloBERTa
0.7375
0.8127
0.7105
0.7582
0.6844
0.7470
0.7143
0.7273
0.7561
0.7414
CroSloEngual BERT
0.6623
0.7147
0.6667
0.6899
0.6072
0.6646
0.6346
0.6719
0.6555
0.6636
*SlovenianGPT-Chat was obtained by instruction-tuning Aleksa Gordić's SlovenianGPT on our instruction dataset.
Slovenian-LLM-eval results
Model
ARC-Challenge Accuracy
ARC-Easy Accuracy
BoolQ Accuracy
HellaSwag Accuracy
NQ-Open EM
OpenBookQA Accuracy
PIQA Accuracy
WinoGrande Accuracy
OPT_GaMS-1B
0.2227 ± 0.0122
0.436 ± 0.0102
0.378 ± 0.0085
0.3394 ± 0.0047
0.0003 ± 0.0003
0.214 ± 0.0184
0.6083 ± 0.0114
0.5533 ± 0.014
GaMS-1B
0.2329 ± 0.0124
0.4743 ± 0.0102
0.3813 ± 0.0085
0.3555 ± 0.0048
0.0036 ± 0.001
0.22 ± 0.0185
0.624 ± 0.0113
0.532 ± 0.014
OPT_GaMS-1B-Chat
0.2355 ± 0.0124
0.3960 ± 0.0100
0.4398 ± 0.0087
0.3459 ± 0.0047
0.0011 ± 0.0006
0.20 ± 0.0179
0.5778 ± 0.0115
0.5359 ± 0.014
GaMS-1B-Chat
0.2517 ± 0.0127
0.4394 ± 0.0102
0.4502 ± 0.0087
0.3634 ± 0.0048
0 ± 0
0.196 ± 0.0178
0.6115 ± 0.0114
0.5572 ± 0.014
YugoGPT
0.2961 ± 0.0133
0.4781 ± 0.0102
0.3783 ± 0.0085
0.3890 ± 0.0047
0.0385 ± 0.0032
0.226 ± 0.0187
0.5816 ± 0.0115
0.5588 ± 0.014
SlovenianGPT
0.3805 ± 0.0142
0.6498 ± 0.0098
0.4523 ± 0.0087
0.4935 ± 0.0050
0.0432 ± 0.0034
0.27 ± 0.0199
0.6937 ± 0.0108
0.644 ± 0.0135
SlovenianGPT-Chat*
0.3567 ± 0.014
0.5901 ± 0.0101
0.4706 ± 0.0087
0.4719 ± 0.0050
0.0003 ± 0.0003
0.27 ± 0.0199
0.6861 ± 0.0108
0.6425 ± 0.0135
*SlovenianGPT-Chat was obtained by instruction-tuning Aleksa Gordić's SlovenianGPT on our instruction dataset.
image/png
@inproceedings{GaMS,
author = {Vre{\v s}, Domen and Bo{\v z}i{\v c}, Martin and Poto{\v c}nik, Alja{\v z} and Martin{\v c}i{\v c}, Toma{\v z} and Robnik-{\v S}ikonja, Marko},
booktitle = {Language Technologies and Digital Humanities Conference},
title = {{Generative Model for Less-Resourced Language with 1 billion parameters}},
url = {https://www.sdjt.si/wp/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/JT-DH-2024_Vres_Bozic_Potocnik_Martincic_Robnik.pdf},
year = {2024}
}
