This is the PubMedBERT-base-embeddings model fined-tuned using sentence-transformers. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 768 dimensional dense vector space and can be used for tasks like clustering or semantic search.

The training dataset was generated using a random sample of PubMed title-abstract pairs along with similar title pairs. The training workflow was a distillation process as follows.

Build a distilled dataset of teacher scores using the biomedbert-base-reranker cross-encoder for a separate random sample of title-abstract pairs.
Further fine-tune the model on the distilled dataset using KLDivLoss.

This model gives the original PubMedBERT Embeddings model an accuracy boost via the same method uses to train smaller model variants.

Usage (txtai)

This model can be used to build embeddings databases with txtai for semantic search and/or as a knowledge source for retrieval augmented generation (RAG).

python

import txtai

embeddings = txtai.Embeddings(path="neuml/biomedbert-base-embeddings", content=True)
embeddings.index(documents())

# Run a query
embeddings.search("query to run")

Usage (Sentence-Transformers)

Alternatively, the model can be loaded with sentence-transformers.

python

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
sentences = ["This is an example sentence", "Each sentence is converted"]

model = SentenceTransformer("neuml/biomedbert-base-embeddings")
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings)

Usage (Hugging Face Transformers)

The model can also be used directly with Transformers.

python

from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModel
import torch

# Mean Pooling - Take attention mask into account for correct averaging
def meanpooling(output, mask):
    embeddings = output[0] # First element of model_output contains all token embeddings
    mask = mask.unsqueeze(-1).expand(embeddings.size()).float()
    return torch.sum(embeddings * mask, 1) / torch.clamp(mask.sum(1), min=1e-9)

# Sentences we want sentence embeddings for
sentences = ['This is an example sentence', 'Each sentence is converted']

# Load model from HuggingFace Hub
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("neuml/biomedbert-base-embeddings")
model = AutoModel.from_pretrained("neuml/biomedbert-base-embeddings")

# Tokenize sentences
inputs = tokenizer(sentences, padding=True, truncation=True, return_tensors='pt')

# Compute token embeddings
with torch.no_grad():
    output = model(**inputs)

# Perform pooling. In this case, mean pooling.
embeddings = meanpooling(output, inputs['attention_mask'])

print("Sentence embeddings:")
print(embeddings)

Evaluation Results

Performance of this model compared to the top base models on the MTEB leaderboard is shown below. A popular smaller model was also evaluated along with the most downloaded PubMed similarity model on the Hugging Face Hub.

The following datasets were used to evaluate model performance.

PubMed QA
- Subset: pqa_labeled, Split: train, Pair: (question, long_answer)
PubMed Subset
- Split: test, Pair: (title, text)
PubMed Summary
- Subset: pubmed, Split: validation, Pair: (article, abstract)

Evaluation results are shown below. The Pearson correlation coefficient is used as the evaluation metric.

Model	PubMed QA	PubMed Subset	PubMed Summary	Average
all-MiniLM-L6-v2	90.40	95.92	94.07	93.46
biomedbert-base-colbert	94.59	97.18	96.21	95.99
biomedbert-base-embeddings	94.60	98.39	97.61	96.87
biomedbert-base-reranker	97.66	99.76	98.81	98.74
biomedbert-small-colbert	93.51	97.20	95.85	95.52
biomedbert-small-embeddings	93.25	97.93	96.65	95.94
biomedbert-hash-nano-embeddings	90.39	96.29	95.32	94.00
pubmedbert-base-embeddings	93.27	97.00	96.58	95.62

This model gives a sizable accuracy boost over the original PubMedBERT Embeddings model.

Full Model Architecture

SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 512, 'do_lower_case': False, 'architecture': 'BertModel'})
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 768, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': True, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
)

More Information

Read more about the model in this article.

NeuML/biomedbert-base-embeddings

BiomedBERT Base Embeddings

Usage (txtai)

Usage (Sentence-Transformers)

Usage (Hugging Face Transformers)

Evaluation Results

Full Model Architecture

More Information

NeuML/
biomedbert-base-embeddings