byT5-large (1.2B, byte-level encoder-decoder) for Dhivehi→English translation, trained on a sentence-level Dhivehi–English corpus (machine-translated).

Byte-level single-sentence model — do not feed multi-sentence input (it collapses on paragraphs). For multi-sentence input, see the paragraph models: Qwen-para / mT5-para. Single-sentence input only.

Scores (chrF / chrF++ / BLEU)

Benchmark	chrF	chrF++	BLEU
gold (human references, article-level, N=500)	42.27	39.16	9.74
held-out chunk (in-distribution)	40.61	39.1	16.35
held-out sentence (in-distribution)	57.31	55.39	31.84

chrF is the metric to trust for Thaana; BLEU is unreliable (word segmentation / morphology).

Example

Input (dv): އެއީ، މިދިޔަ އަހަރުގެ މި މުއްދަތާ ބަލާއިރު، 7.6 އިންސައްތައިގެ ކުރިއެރުމެއް ކަމަށްވާއިރު، ދުވާލަކަށް 7،778 ފަތުރުވެރިން ރާއްޖެ ޒިޔާރަތްކުރެއެވެ.

Output (en): That is, compared to this period last year, which is a 7.6 percent increase, and 7,778 tourists visit the Maldives per day.

Real held-out sample and this model's own output.

Usage

python

import torch
from transformers import AutoModelForSeq2SeqLM, AutoTokenizer

m = "Neobe/dhivehi-en-byt5-large-sentence"
tok = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(m)
model = AutoModelForSeq2SeqLM.from_pretrained(m, torch_dtype=torch.float32).eval().cuda()  # fp32

src = "ދިވެހިރާއްޖޭގެ ރައީސް މިއަދު ކެބިނެޓާ ބައްދަލުކުރެއްވި އެވެ."
inp = tok(src, return_tensors="pt", truncation=True, max_length=1024).to("cuda")
out = model.generate(**inp, max_new_tokens=256, num_beams=4)
print(tok.decode(out[0], skip_special_tokens=True))

Training

Base google/byt5-large; fp32; Adafactor; LR 1e-4 cosine; max_length 1024; 1 epoch; effective batch ~32; gradient checkpointing.

Limitations

Domain = Maldivian news / press / Wikipedia; technical or informal English is out of distribution. Non-human references are machine-generated (distillation). This byte-level model is single-sentence only.

Citation

bibtex

@misc{neobe_dhivehi_en_byt5_large_sentence_2026,
  title  = {byT5-large Dhivehi→English (sentence-level)},
  author = {Neobe},
  year   = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://huggingface.co/Neobe/dhivehi-en-byt5-large-sentence}}
}