This is a sentence-transformers model finetuned from PaDaS-Lab/xlm-roberta-base-msmarco. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 768-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.

Model Details

Model Description

Model Type: Sentence Transformer
Base model: PaDaS-Lab/xlm-roberta-base-msmarco
Maximum Sequence Length: 512 tokens
Output Dimensionality: 768 dimensions
Similarity Function: Cosine Similarity

Model Sources

Documentation: Sentence Transformers Documentation
Repository: Sentence Transformers on GitHub
Hugging Face: Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face

Full Model Architecture

SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 512, 'do_lower_case': False, 'architecture': 'XLMRobertaModel'})
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 768, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': True, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
)

Usage

Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

pip install -U sentence-transformers

Then you can load this model and run inference.

python

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("sentence_transformers_model_id")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    'Dove è già attivo il 5G in Italia?',
    'La connettività 5G è già arrivata in Italia: secondo i dati dell’Osservatorio 5G della Commissione europea, la copertura nel nostro Paese è del 99,7%.\nIl 5G è attivo e già funzionante in 38 paesi dell’Europa tra cui l’Italia e proposto da circa 50 operatori. Si prevede che entro il 2025 coprirà un terzo dell’Europa con 232 milioni di connessioni.\nLa connettività 5G risolve molti problemi consentendo di connettere molto più dispositivi e nel mondo ce ne sono già più di 5 miliardi. I vantaggi sono dati da una minore latenza e dall’ampliamento della larghezza di banda.\nLa latenza o tempo di risposta riguarda quel tempo che intercorre tra l’invio e la ricezione dei dati tra un dispositivo e l’altro: più è minore più avremo un servizio veloce.\nLa larghezza di banda ampliata invece, ci darà la possibilità di usufruire di una velocità di download e di upload molto elevata, quindi potremo vedere video o trasmissioni in streaming con una migliore qualità video.\nIl 5G attualmente è attivo in Italia e copre oramai quasi tutto il territorio nazionale escludendo alcune zone alpine e lungo l’Appennino da Nord a Sud.',
    'LiberoGioco possiede licenza ADM, Agenzia Dogane Monopoli ex AAMS, dunque è perfettamente legale e attivo regolarmente in Italia.',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 768]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities)
# tensor([[1.0000, 0.6971, 0.4033],
#         [0.6971, 1.0000, 0.2877],
#         [0.4033, 0.2877, 1.0000]])

Training Details

Training Dataset

Unnamed Dataset

Size: 1,275,683 training samples
Columns: sentence_0, sentence_1, sentence_2, sentence_3, sentence_4, and sentence_5

Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:

	sentence_0	sentence_1	sentence_2	sentence_3	sentence_4	sentence_5
type	string	string	string	string	string	string
details	min: 6 tokens mean: 14.96 tokens max: 115 tokens	min: 10 tokens mean: 75.86 tokens max: 512 tokens	min: 12 tokens mean: 99.18 tokens max: 512 tokens	min: 12 tokens mean: 100.11 tokens max: 512 tokens	min: 11 tokens mean: 96.4 tokens max: 512 tokens	min: 9 tokens mean: 99.25 tokens max: 512 tokens

Samples:

sentence_0	sentence_1	sentence_2	sentence_3	sentence_4	sentence_5
`Czy mus nie pozostawia tłustej warstwy na skórze?`	`Nasz mus do ciała - Len-Konopie - skomponowany jest w oparciu o oleje i masła roślinne - otula on skórę natłuszczającą warstwą ochronną, która potrzebuje czasu, aby się wchłonąć. Aplikowanie musu na nieco wilgotną (np. po kąpieli/prysznicu) skórę sprawi, że mus wchłonie się szybciej, pozostawiając skórę nawilżoną i miękką w dotyku.`	Masła do ciała mają gęstą i cięższą konsystencję. Zawierają zazwyczaj sporą ilość naturalnych składników odżywczych (olejków i ekstraktów) oraz głęboko wnikają w skórę, odżywiając ją i nawilżając. To dobry wybór, gdy Twoje ciało potrzebuje dogłębnej regeneracji. Krem do ciała ma z kolei najlżejszą konsystencję: nawilża, a jednocześnie szybko się wchłania i nie pozostawia na skórze tłustej warstwy. Najlżejszą konsystencję ze wszystkich kosmetyków ma mleczko do ciała.	`Tak! Dzięki zawartości oleju z konopi, który zawiera ok. 75% niezbędnych nienasyconych kwasów tłuszczowych mus wyróżnia się właściwościami kojącymi i łagodzącymi podrażnienia dla skór suchych, szorstkich czy atopowych właśnie :) Z uwagi na zawartość olejków eterycznych w składzie, tym z Państwa, którzy borykają się z atopią, zalecałybyśmy wcześniejsze skonsultowanie składu z lekarzem dermatologiem.`	`Wiotkość skóry to utrata elastyczności i jędrności, wynikająca z naturalnego procesu starzenia, ekspozycji na słońce czy nieodpowiedniej pielęgnacji. Skóra staje się cienka, mniej sprężysta i opada, zwłaszcza na twarzy, szyi oraz dekolcie. Laser frakcyjny CO2 działa na głębsze warstwy skóry, stymulując produkcję kolagenu, co skutecznie ujędrnia skórę i przywraca jej młody wygląd.`	`Gazetka LIDL 2023 to świetny sposób na sprawdzenie, czy musy truskawkowe LIDL są aktualnie dostępne oraz czy musy truskawkowe z Lidla są w promocji, czy też nie. Jeżeli nie wiesz, jakie ma opinie mus truskawkowy LIDL, przeczytaj co napisali inni użytkownicy.`
`É precisa de se cadastrar e-mail em Eletro Angeloni?`	`Sim, quando fazam comprars em Eletro Angeloni pode se registrar na página de venda.Eletro Angeloni queria oferecer aos clientes uma melhor experiência de compra e serviços, lançou benefícios de associação especialmente. Para obter benefícios específicos para membros, você pode se registrar como um membro Eletro Angeloni através do seguinte endereço de e-mail.`	`Sim, é importante se cadastrar por e-mail quando fazam comprars em Stocklots24. Stocklots24 tem um sistema exclusivo de descontos para membros. Você pode se tornar um membro registrando um e-mail em stocklots24.fr. Depois de se tornar um membro, você pode aproveitar diferentes benefícios de Stocklots24.`	`Você deve ter pelo menos 18 anos de idade para se cadastrar na Sportsbet.io. Além disso, é necessário fornecer informações precisas, como nome, data de nascimento, e-mail e criar uma senha segura.`	`Infelizamente Mario Eletro não suporta o uso de cupons em pilha. O uso de Cupom Mario Eletro é claramente estipulado e Mario Eletro não pode se sobrepor a Cupom de Desconto Mario Eletro. Mas, para obter mais descontos, os clientes podem preferir usar Cupom Desconto Mario Eletro com o maior desconto.`	`Sim, você precisa. Os clientes podem se cadastrar em PneuStore account por e-mail. Desta forma, os clientes podem entender o último PneuStore código do cupom. A entrada de registro normalmente está localizada na parte inferior da página inicial de PneuStore, e você pode cancelar a inscrição PneuStore deste serviço a qualquer momento.`
`Does anyone at Squlpt speak Spanish?`	`Yes, we have Spanish-speaking team members who will be more than happy to communicate with you in Spanish or English.`	`Portuguese and Spanish are both Romance languages and share many similarities. If you already speak Spanish or have knowledge of Spanish, it can make learning Portuguese easier due to the similarities in vocabulary and grammar.`	`The majority of locals in Cuba only speak Spanish, but areas that are popular with tourists are likely to have some people who do speak English well. Learning some basic Spanish phrases and words before you travel is a good idea in case you need help at any point, and also to better immerse yourself in Cuban culture.`	`Yes, we have opticians and eye doctors who speak Spanish. Please contact a store for an appointment so we can make sure a Spanish-speaking staff member is available.`	`Language barriers in the workplace can have a direct impact on the effectiveness of safety programs. The first step to an effective safety program that accommodates Spanish-speaking workers is to add bilingual employees to the safety committee. By having Spanish-speaking individuals on the committee, you can ensure Hispanic employees are comfortable with talking to the safety committee, asking them questions,`

Loss: CachedMultipleNegativesRankingLoss with these parameters:
json
1{ 2 "scale": 20.0, 3 "similarity_fct": "cos_sim", 4 "mini_batch_size": 32, 5 "gather_across_devices": false 6}

Training Hyperparameters

Non-Default Hyperparameters

per_device_train_batch_size: 128
per_device_eval_batch_size: 128
num_train_epochs: 1
fp16: True
multi_dataset_batch_sampler: round_robin

All Hyperparameters

Click to expand

overwrite_output_dir: False
do_predict: False
eval_strategy: no
prediction_loss_only: True
per_device_train_batch_size: 128
per_device_eval_batch_size: 128
per_gpu_train_batch_size: None
per_gpu_eval_batch_size: None
gradient_accumulation_steps: 1
eval_accumulation_steps: None
torch_empty_cache_steps: None
learning_rate: 5e-05
weight_decay: 0.0
adam_beta1: 0.9
adam_beta2: 0.999
adam_epsilon: 1e-08
max_grad_norm: 1
num_train_epochs: 1
max_steps: -1
lr_scheduler_type: linear
lr_scheduler_kwargs: {}
warmup_ratio: 0.0
warmup_steps: 0
log_level: passive
log_level_replica: warning
log_on_each_node: True
logging_nan_inf_filter: True
save_safetensors: True
save_on_each_node: False
save_only_model: False
restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint: False
no_cuda: False
use_cpu: False
use_mps_device: False
seed: 42
data_seed: None
jit_mode_eval: False
bf16: False
fp16: True
fp16_opt_level: O1
half_precision_backend: auto
bf16_full_eval: False
fp16_full_eval: False
tf32: None
local_rank: 0
ddp_backend: None
tpu_num_cores: None
tpu_metrics_debug: False
debug: []
dataloader_drop_last: False
dataloader_num_workers: 0
dataloader_prefetch_factor: None
past_index: -1
disable_tqdm: False
remove_unused_columns: True
label_names: None
load_best_model_at_end: False
ignore_data_skip: False
fsdp: []
fsdp_min_num_params: 0
fsdp_config: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap: None
accelerator_config: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
parallelism_config: None
deepspeed: None
label_smoothing_factor: 0.0
optim: adamw_torch_fused
optim_args: None
adafactor: False
group_by_length: False
length_column_name: length
project: huggingface
trackio_space_id: trackio
ddp_find_unused_parameters: None
ddp_bucket_cap_mb: None
ddp_broadcast_buffers: False
dataloader_pin_memory: True
dataloader_persistent_workers: False
skip_memory_metrics: True
use_legacy_prediction_loop: False
push_to_hub: False
resume_from_checkpoint: None
hub_model_id: None
hub_strategy: every_save
hub_private_repo: None
hub_always_push: False
hub_revision: None
gradient_checkpointing: False
gradient_checkpointing_kwargs: None
include_inputs_for_metrics: False
include_for_metrics: []
eval_do_concat_batches: True
fp16_backend: auto
push_to_hub_model_id: None
push_to_hub_organization: None
mp_parameters:
auto_find_batch_size: False
full_determinism: False
torchdynamo: None
ray_scope: last
ddp_timeout: 1800
torch_compile: False
torch_compile_backend: None
torch_compile_mode: None
include_tokens_per_second: False
include_num_input_tokens_seen: no
neftune_noise_alpha: None
optim_target_modules: None
batch_eval_metrics: False
eval_on_start: False
use_liger_kernel: False
liger_kernel_config: None
eval_use_gather_object: False
average_tokens_across_devices: True
prompts: None
batch_sampler: batch_sampler
multi_dataset_batch_sampler: round_robin
router_mapping: {}
learning_rate_mapping: {}

Training Logs

Epoch	Step	Training Loss
0.0502	500	1.4085
0.1003	1000	0.3267
0.1505	1500	0.2822
0.2007	2000	0.2655
0.2508	2500	0.2463
0.3010	3000	0.2391
0.3512	3500	0.2322
0.4013	4000	0.2252
0.4515	4500	0.2172
0.5017	5000	0.2162
0.5518	5500	0.2101
0.6020	6000	0.2099
0.6522	6500	0.2007
0.7023	7000	0.2043
0.7525	7500	0.1987
0.8026	8000	0.1985
0.8528	8500	0.1948
0.9030	9000	0.1973
0.9531	9500	0.1978

Framework Versions

Python: 3.10.4
Sentence Transformers: 5.2.0
Transformers: 4.57.3
PyTorch: 2.9.1+cu128
Accelerate: 1.12.0
Datasets: 2.21.0
Tokenizers: 0.22.1

Citation

BibTeX

Sentence Transformers

bibtex

@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}

CachedMultipleNegativesRankingLoss