Model Card: yolov10x_bb_multi_class_detect_model
Model Details
- Model Name:
yolov10x_bb_multi_class_detect_model
- Model Type: Multi-Class Object Detection and Classifier
- Description: This model is designed to detect and classify specific species and genera of bark beetles from images. Unlike single-class models, it has been fine-tuned on a labeled dataset of bark beetle species.
Evaluation Datasets
To understand the model's capabilities, its performance was tested on two different types of datasets:
- In-Distribution (ID): This dataset contains images of species the model was trained on. Performance on this dataset shows how well the model identifies familiar species.
- Out-of-Distribution (OOD): This dataset contains images of species that are intentionally different from the training data. Performance here tests the model's ability to handle novel species.
Performance
Object Detection & Classification
The model's performance is measured by its mean Average Precision (mAP). This score reflects the model's accuracy in both locating the beetle (bounding box) and assigning the correct species or genus label.
Species-Level Performance
This evaluates the model's ability to identify individual species.
| Dataset | Species mAP (0.50 : 0.95) | Notes |
|---|
| In-Distribution (ID) | 🟩 0.8969 | High overall accuracy, but performance varies significantly for certain species. |
| Out-of-Distribution (OOD) | 🟥 0.0000 | As expected, the model cannot classify species it has not been trained on. |
Click to see Per-Species Performance (ID Dataset)
The following list is sorted by Average Precision (AP) from lowest to highest to highlight the most challenging species for the model to identify.
| Species | AP Score |
|---|
| Dendroctonus_rufipennis | 0.1000 |
| Scolytus_multistriatus | 0.1111 |
| Euwallacea_validus | 0.3778 |
| Dryocoetes_autographus | 0.4447 |
| Orthotomicus_caelatus | 0.4444 |
| Hylesinus_aculeatus | 0.5128 |
| Xyleborus_celsus | 0.5215 |
| Ips_grandicollis | 0.5556 |
| Ambrosiodmus_minor | 0.7273 |
| Trypodendron_domesticum | 0.7359 |
| Pityogenes_chalcographus | 0.9153 |
| Hylurgus_ligniperda | 0.9173 |
| Xylosandrus_germanus | 0.9388 |
| Ambrosiophilus_atratus | 0.9494 |
| Xylosandrus_crassiusculus | 0.9605 |
| Taphrorychus_bicolor | 0.9636 |
| Ips_typographus | 0.9661 |
| Ips_calligraphus | 0.9667 |
| Scolytus_schevyrewi | 0.9672 |
| Dendroctonus_terebrans | 0.9682 |
| Cnestus_mutilatus | 0.9697 |
| Xylosandrus_compactus | 0.9701 |
| Ips_sexdentatus | 0.9716 |
| Monarthrum_mali | 0.9719 |
| Coccotrypes_dactyliperda | 0.9721 |
| Orthotomicus_erosus | 0.9741 |
| Xyleborinus_saxesenii | 0.9765 |
| Anisandrus_dispar | 0.9787 |
| Cryptocarenus_heveae | 0.9794 |
| Xyleborus_ferrugineus | 0.9794 |
| Xylosandrus_amputatus | 0.9798 |
| Hypothenemus_hampei | 0.9800 |
| Monarthrum_fasciatum | 0.9814 |
| Pityophthorus_juglandis | 0.9827 |
| Hylesinus_varius | 0.9840 |
| Dendroctonus_valens | 0.9854 |
| Euplatypus_compositus | 0.9861 |
| Pagiocerus_frontalis | 0.9869 |
| Euwallacea_fornicatus | 0.9870 |
| Scolytodes_glaber | 0.9870 |
| Cyclorhipidion_pelliculosum | 0.9886 |
| Hylurgops_palliatus | 0.9886 |
| Xyleborus_glabratus | 0.9887 |
| Hylesinus_toranio | 0.9890 |
| Ips_avulsus | 0.9893 |
| Ctonoxylon_hagedorn | 0.9914 |
| Xyleborus_affinis | 0.9915 |
| Xylosandrus_morigerus | 0.9919 |
| Hylastes_salebrosus | 0.9921 |
| Euwallacea_perbrevis | 0.9941 |
| Myoplatypus_flavicornis | 0.9944 |
| Ips_acuminatus | 0.9952 |
| Ips_duplicatus | 0.9953 |
| Phloeosinus_dentatus | 0.9957 |
| Coccotrypes_carpophagus | 0.9960 |
| Platypus_cylindrus | 0.9979 |
| Tomicus_destruens | 0.9979 |
| Hylastes_porculus | 0.9987 |
| Pycnarthrum_hispidium | 0.9988 |
| Platypus_koryoensis | 0.9999 |
| Anisandrus_sayi | 0.9994 |
| Coptoborus_ricini | 1.0000 |
| Hylesinus_crenatus | 1.0000 |
Genus-Level Performance
This evaluates the model's ability to identify the genus, a broader taxonomic rank than species.
| Dataset | Genus mAP (0.50 : 0.95) | Notes |
|---|
| In-Distribution (ID) | 🟩 0.9458 | Very strong performance at the genus level for familiar genera. |
| Out-of-Distribution (OOD) | 🟨 0.6897 | Demonstrates some ability to generalize to novel genera, though with reduced accuracy. |
Click to see Per-Genus Performance (ID and OOD Datasets)
The following lists are sorted by Average Precision (AP) from lowest to highest to highlight the most challenging genera for the model to identify.
In-Distribution (ID) Genus Performance
| Genus | AP Score |
|---|
| Dryocoetes | 0.6167 |
| Trypodendron | 0.7125 |
| Hypothenemus | 0.9000 |
| Pityogenes | 0.9146 |
| Scolytus | 0.9200 |
| Xylosandrus | 0.9238 |
| Orthotomicus | 0.9246 |
| Pityophthorus | 0.9306 |
| Cryptocarenus | 0.9309 |
| Xyleborinus | 0.9361 |
| Scolytodes | 0.9372 |
| Hylurgus | 0.9402 |
| Coccotrypes | 0.9442 |
| Taphrorychus | 0.9468 |
| Coptoborus | 0.9494 |
| Monarthrum | 0.9514 |
| Xyleborus | 0.9624 |
| Euwallacea | 0.9664 |
| Cnestus | 0.9681 |
| Ambrosiodmus | 0.9727 |
| Pycnarthrum | 0.9752 |
| Ips | 0.9764 |
| Dendroctonus | 0.9786 |
| Phloeosinus | 0.9797 |
| Anisandrus | 0.9821 |
| Hylesinus | 0.9866 |
| Euplatypus | 0.9869 |
| Ctonoxylon | 0.9870 |
| Ambrosiophilus | 0.9902 |
| Hylurgops | 0.9908 |
| Hylastes | 0.9909 |
| Platypus | 0.9911 |
| Pagiocerus | 0.9929 |
| Cyclorhipidion | 0.9943 |
| Myoplatypus | 0.9968 |
| Tomicus | 0.9990 |
Out-of-Distribution (OOD) Genus Performance
| Genus | AP Score |
|---|
| Cryphalus | 0.0595 |
| Dendroctonus | 0.3309 |
| Dactylotrypes | 0.3741 |
| Pityogenes | 0.4025 |
| Scolytus | 0.4255 |
| Leptoxyleborus | 0.4529 |
| Pycnarthrum | 0.4583 |
| Xyloterinus | 0.5214 |
| Eidophelus | 0.5282 |
| Hypothenemus | 0.5737 |
| Gnathotrichus | 0.5778 |
| Crypturgus | 0.5846 |
| Polygraphus | 0.6028 |
| Metacorthylus | 0.6071 |
| Carphoborus | 0.6111 |
| Cryptocarenus | 0.6227 |
| Ambrosiodmus | 0.6429 |
| Cnesinus | 0.6462 |
| Diuncus | 0.6500 |
| Monarthrum | 0.6518 |
| Heteroborips | 0.6533 |
| Hadrodemius | 0.6750 |
| Cyclorhipidion | 0.6870 |
| Crossotarsus | 0.6912 |
| Dendroterus | 0.7000 |
| Xyleborus | 0.7085 |
| Beaverium | 0.7182 |
| Truncaudum | 0.7152 |
| Chaetoptelius | 0.7294 |
| Tricosa | 0.7308 |
| Platypus | 0.7357 |
| Dinoplatypus | 0.7444 |
| Procryphalus | 0.7462 |
| Coptoborus | 0.7500 |
| Trypodendron | 0.7534 |
| Ips | 0.7545 |
| Premnobius | 0.7571 |
| Hylastes | 0.7679 |
| Hylocurus | 0.7710 |
| Stegomerus | 0.7842 |
| Wallacellus | 0.7900 |
| Xyleborinus | 0.7952 |
| Cnestus | 0.8000 |
| Eccoptopterus | 0.8000 |
| Microperus | 0.8000 |
| Pityoborus | 0.8000 |
| Euwallacea | 0.8224 |
| Webbia | 0.8333 |
| Anisandrus | 0.8398 |
| Tomicus | 0.8415 |
| Debus | 0.8500 |
| Ernoporus | 0.8746 |
| Dryocoetes | 0.8833 |
| Pseudopityophthorus | 0.9123 |
| Hylurgus | 0.9525 |
| Pityophthorus | 0.9551 |
| Pseudowebbia | 0.9917 |
Feature Extraction (Embedding Performance)
The quality of the model's learned feature representations (embeddings) is evaluated by how well they group similar species together.
Internal Cluster Validation
These metrics measure the quality of the clusters formed by the embeddings without referring to ground-truth labels.
| Metric | ID Score | OOD Score | Interpretation |
|---|
| Silhouette Score | 0.7394 | 0.2165 | Measures how similar an object is to its own cluster compared to others. Higher is better (closer to 1). The ID embeddings form excellent, well-defined clusters. |
| Davies-Bouldin Index | 0.3539 | 0.3208 | Measures the average similarity between each cluster and its most similar one. Lower is better (closer to 0). Both show low overlap. |
| Calinski-Harabasz Index | 13638.5 | 729.779 | Measures the ratio of between-cluster dispersion to within-cluster dispersion. Higher is better. The ID embeddings form exceptionally dense and well-separated clusters. |
External Cluster Validation
These metrics evaluate the clustering performance by comparing the results to the true species labels.
| Metric | ID Score | OOD Score | Interpretation |
|---|
| Adjusted Rand Index (ARI) | 0.3987 | 0.0061 | Measures the similarity between true and predicted labels, correcting for chance. Higher is better (closer to 1). |
| Normalized Mutual Info (NMI) | 0.6969 | 0.3066 | Measures the agreement between the clustering and the true labels. Higher is better (closer to 1). |
| Cluster Purity | 0.6808 | 0.1678 | Measures the extent to which clusters contain a single class. Higher is better (closer to 1). |
Conclusion: The high external validation scores for the ID dataset show that the model's feature representations are effective at separating the different species it was trained on. This is a significant improvement over single-class or zero-shot models.
Phylogenetic Correlation (Mantel Test)
This test determines if the model's learned features correlate with the evolutionary relationships (phylogeny) between different bark beetle species.
| Dataset | Mantel R-statistic | p-value | Interpretation |
|---|
| In-Distribution (ID) | -0.1989 | 0.1370 | There is no statistically significant correlation between the model's features and the species' evolutionary history. |
| Out-of-Distribution (OOD) | 0.0810 | 0.2940 | There is no statistically significant correlation for the OOD data either. |
