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DannyAI/
embedding_fine_tuning_adaptive_layer_bge-large-en-v1.5

Name: embedding_fine_tuning_adaptive_layer_bge-large-en-v1.5
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bge-large-en-v1.5

This is a sentence-transformers model finetuned from BAAI/bge-large-en-v1.5 on the all-nli dataset. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 1024-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.

Model Details

Model Description

Model Type: Sentence Transformer
Base model: BAAI/bge-large-en-v1.5
Maximum Sequence Length: 512 tokens
Output Dimensionality: 1024 dimensions
Similarity Function: Cosine Similarity
Training Dataset:
- all-nli
Language: en
License: mit

Model Sources

Documentation: Sentence Transformers Documentation
Repository: Sentence Transformers on GitHub
Hugging Face: Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face

Full Model Architecture

SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 512, 'do_lower_case': True, 'architecture': 'BertModel'})
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 1024, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': True, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
  (2): Normalize()
)

Usage

Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

pip install -U sentence-transformers

Then you can load this model and run inference.

python

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("DannyAI/embedding_fine_tuning_adaptive_layer_bge-large-en-v1.5")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    'Young boy kicks a soccer ball towards the goal as the crowd watches.',
    'The boy is under the age of eighteen.',
    'The boy is alone in his backyard.',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 1024]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities)
# tensor([[1.0000, 0.5172, 0.2682],
#         [0.5172, 1.0000, 0.4388],
#         [0.2682, 0.4388, 1.0000]])

Evaluation

Metrics

Triplet

Datasets: all-nli-val and all-nli-test
Evaluated with TripletEvaluator

Metric	all-nli-val	all-nli-test
cosine_accuracy	0.9513	0.9528

Training Details

Training Dataset

all-nli

Dataset: all-nli at d482672
Size: 200,000 training samples
Columns: anchor, positive, and negative
Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
anchor positive negative
type string string string
details
min: 7 tokens
mean: 10.46 tokens
max: 46 tokens
min: 6 tokens
mean: 12.81 tokens
max: 40 tokens
min: 5 tokens
mean: 13.4 tokens
max: 50 tokens

Samples:

anchor	positive	negative
`A person on a horse jumps over a broken down airplane.`	`A person is outdoors, on a horse.`	`A person is at a diner, ordering an omelette.`
`Children smiling and waving at camera`	`There are children present`	`The kids are frowning`
`A boy is jumping on skateboard in the middle of a red bridge.`	`The boy does a skateboarding trick.`	`The boy skates down the sidewalk.`

Loss: AdaptiveLayerLoss with these parameters:
json
1{ 2 "loss": "MultipleNegativesRankingLoss", 3 "n_layers_per_step": 1, 4 "last_layer_weight": 1.0, 5 "prior_layers_weight": 1.0, 6 "kl_div_weight": 1.0, 7 "kl_temperature": 0.3 8}

Evaluation Dataset

all-nli

Dataset: all-nli at d482672
Size: 3,000 evaluation samples
Columns: anchor, positive, and negative
Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
anchor positive negative
type string string string
details
min: 6 tokens
mean: 17.95 tokens
max: 63 tokens
min: 4 tokens
mean: 9.78 tokens
max: 29 tokens
min: 5 tokens
mean: 10.35 tokens
max: 29 tokens

Samples:

anchor	positive	negative
`Two women are embracing while holding to go packages.`	`Two woman are holding packages.`	`The men are fighting outside a deli.`
`Two young children in blue jerseys, one with the number 9 and one with the number 2 are standing on wooden steps in a bathroom and washing their hands in a sink.`	`Two kids in numbered jerseys wash their hands.`	`Two kids in jackets walk to school.`
`A man selling donuts to a customer during a world exhibition event held in the city of Angeles`	`A man selling donuts to a customer.`	`A woman drinks her coffee in a small cafe.`

Loss: AdaptiveLayerLoss with these parameters:
json
1{ 2 "loss": "MultipleNegativesRankingLoss", 3 "n_layers_per_step": 1, 4 "last_layer_weight": 1.0, 5 "prior_layers_weight": 1.0, 6 "kl_div_weight": 1.0, 7 "kl_temperature": 0.3 8}

Training Hyperparameters

Non-Default Hyperparameters

eval_strategy: steps
per_device_train_batch_size: 5
per_device_eval_batch_size: 5
learning_rate: 2e-05
max_steps: 600
warmup_ratio: 0.1
seed: 30
bf16: True
load_best_model_at_end: True
batch_sampler: no_duplicates

All Hyperparameters

Click to expand

overwrite_output_dir: False
do_predict: False
eval_strategy: steps
prediction_loss_only: True
per_device_train_batch_size: 5
per_device_eval_batch_size: 5
per_gpu_train_batch_size: None
per_gpu_eval_batch_size: None
gradient_accumulation_steps: 1
eval_accumulation_steps: None
torch_empty_cache_steps: None
learning_rate: 2e-05
weight_decay: 0.0
adam_beta1: 0.9
adam_beta2: 0.999
adam_epsilon: 1e-08
max_grad_norm: 1.0
num_train_epochs: 3.0
max_steps: 600
lr_scheduler_type: linear
lr_scheduler_kwargs: {}
warmup_ratio: 0.1
warmup_steps: 0
log_level: passive
log_level_replica: warning
log_on_each_node: True
logging_nan_inf_filter: True
save_safetensors: True
save_on_each_node: False
save_only_model: False
restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint: False
no_cuda: False
use_cpu: False
use_mps_device: False
seed: 30
data_seed: None
jit_mode_eval: False
use_ipex: False
bf16: True
fp16: False
fp16_opt_level: O1
half_precision_backend: auto
bf16_full_eval: False
fp16_full_eval: False
tf32: None
local_rank: 0
ddp_backend: None
tpu_num_cores: None
tpu_metrics_debug: False
debug: []
dataloader_drop_last: False
dataloader_num_workers: 0
dataloader_prefetch_factor: None
past_index: -1
disable_tqdm: False
remove_unused_columns: True
label_names: None
load_best_model_at_end: True
ignore_data_skip: False
fsdp: []
fsdp_min_num_params: 0
fsdp_config: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap: None
accelerator_config: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
parallelism_config: None
deepspeed: None
label_smoothing_factor: 0.0
optim: adamw_torch_fused
optim_args: None
adafactor: False
group_by_length: False
length_column_name: length
ddp_find_unused_parameters: None
ddp_bucket_cap_mb: None
ddp_broadcast_buffers: False
dataloader_pin_memory: True
dataloader_persistent_workers: False
skip_memory_metrics: True
use_legacy_prediction_loop: False
push_to_hub: False
resume_from_checkpoint: None
hub_model_id: None
hub_strategy: every_save
hub_private_repo: None
hub_always_push: False
hub_revision: None
gradient_checkpointing: False
gradient_checkpointing_kwargs: None
include_inputs_for_metrics: False
include_for_metrics: []
eval_do_concat_batches: True
fp16_backend: auto
push_to_hub_model_id: None
push_to_hub_organization: None
mp_parameters:
auto_find_batch_size: False
full_determinism: False
torchdynamo: None
ray_scope: last
ddp_timeout: 1800
torch_compile: False
torch_compile_backend: None
torch_compile_mode: None
include_tokens_per_second: False
include_num_input_tokens_seen: False
neftune_noise_alpha: None
optim_target_modules: None
batch_eval_metrics: False
eval_on_start: False
use_liger_kernel: False
liger_kernel_config: None
eval_use_gather_object: False
average_tokens_across_devices: False
prompts: None
batch_sampler: no_duplicates
multi_dataset_batch_sampler: proportional
router_mapping: {}
learning_rate_mapping: {}

Training Logs

Epoch	Step	Training Loss	Validation Loss	all-nli-val_cosine_accuracy	all-nli-test_cosine_accuracy
-1	-1	-	-	0.9600	-
0.0025	100	0.7326	0.5273	0.9520	-
0.005	200	0.6625	0.5954	0.9490	-
0.0075	300	0.6088	0.5250	0.9487	-
0.01	400	0.5053	0.5289	0.9550	-
0.0125	500	0.6039	0.5101	0.9483	-
0.015	600	0.5923	0.5037	0.9513	-
-1	-1	-	-	-	0.9528

The bold row denotes the saved checkpoint.

Framework Versions

Python: 3.12.11
Sentence Transformers: 5.1.0
Transformers: 4.56.1
PyTorch: 2.8.0+cu126
Accelerate: 1.10.1
Datasets: 4.0.0
Tokenizers: 0.22.0

Citation

BibTeX

Sentence Transformers

bibtex

@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}

AdaptiveLayerLoss

bibtex

@misc{li20242d,
    title={2D Matryoshka Sentence Embeddings},
    author={Xianming Li and Zongxi Li and Jing Li and Haoran Xie and Qing Li},
    year={2024},
    eprint={2402.14776},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.CL}
}

MultipleNegativesRankingLoss

bibtex

@misc{henderson2017efficient,
    title={Efficient Natural Language Response Suggestion for Smart Reply},
    author={Matthew Henderson and Rami Al-Rfou and Brian Strope and Yun-hsuan Sung and Laszlo Lukacs and Ruiqi Guo and Sanjiv Kumar and Balint Miklos and Ray Kurzweil},
    year={2017},
    eprint={1705.00652},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.CL}
}

	anchor	positive	negative
type	string	string	string
details	min: 7 tokens mean: 10.46 tokens max: 46 tokens	min: 6 tokens mean: 12.81 tokens max: 40 tokens	min: 5 tokens mean: 13.4 tokens max: 50 tokens