Stable Diffusion is a latent text-to-image diffusion model capable of generating photo-realistic images given any text input. For more information about how Stable Diffusion functions, please have a look at 🤗's Stable Diffusion with D🧨iffusers blog.

The Stable-Diffusion-v1-2 checkpoint was initialized with the weights of the Stable-Diffusion-v1-1 checkpoint and subsequently fine-tuned on 515,000 steps at resolution 512x512 on "laion-improved-aesthetics" (a subset of laion2B-en, filtered to images with an original size >= 512x512, estimated aesthetics score > 5.0, and an estimated watermark probability < 0.5. For more information, please refer to Training.

This weights here are intended to be used with the D🧨iffusers library. If you are looking for the weights to be loaded into the CompVis Stable Diffusion codebase, come here

Model Details

Developed by: Robin Rombach, Patrick Esser
Model type: Diffusion-based text-to-image generation model
Language(s): English
License: The CreativeML OpenRAIL M license is an Open RAIL M license, adapted from the work that BigScience and the RAIL Initiative are jointly carrying in the area of responsible AI licensing. See also the article about the BLOOM Open RAIL license on which our license is based.
Model Description: This is a model that can be used to generate and modify images based on text prompts. It is a Latent Diffusion Model that uses a fixed, pretrained text encoder (CLIP ViT-L/14) as suggested in the Imagen paper.
Resources for more information: GitHub Repository, Paper.

Cite as:

@InProceedings{Rombach_2022_CVPR,
    author    = {Rombach, Robin and Blattmann, Andreas and Lorenz, Dominik and Esser, Patrick and Ommer, Bj\"orn},
    title     = {High-Resolution Image Synthesis With Latent Diffusion Models},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)},
    month     = {June},
    year      = {2022},
    pages     = {10684-10695}
}

Examples

We recommend using 🤗's Diffusers library to run Stable Diffusion.

pip install --upgrade diffusers transformers scipy

Running the pipeline with the default PNDM scheduler:

python

import torch
from torch import autocast
from diffusers import StableDiffusionPipeline

model_id = "CompVis/stable-diffusion-v1-2"
device = "cuda"


pipe = StableDiffusionPipeline.from_pretrained(model_id)
pipe = pipe.to(device)

prompt = "a photo of an astronaut riding a horse on mars"
with autocast("cuda"):
    image = pipe(prompt)["sample"][0]  
    
image.save("astronaut_rides_horse.png")

Note: If you are limited by GPU memory and have less than 10GB of GPU RAM available, please make sure to load the StableDiffusionPipeline in float16 precision instead of the default float32 precision as done above. You can do so by telling diffusers to expect the weights to be in float16 precision:

import torch

pipe = StableDiffusionPipeline.from_pretrained(model_id, torch_dtype=torch.float16)
pipe = pipe.to(device)

prompt = "a photo of an astronaut riding a horse on mars"
with autocast("cuda"):
    image = pipe(prompt, guidance_scale=7.5)["sample"][0]  
    
image.save("astronaut_rides_horse.png")

To swap out the noise scheduler, pass it to from_pretrained:

python

from diffusers import StableDiffusionPipeline, LMSDiscreteScheduler

model_id = "CompVis/stable-diffusion-v1-2"
# Use the K-LMS scheduler here instead
scheduler = LMSDiscreteScheduler(beta_start=0.00085, beta_end=0.012, beta_schedule="scaled_linear", num_train_timesteps=1000)
pipe = StableDiffusionPipeline.from_pretrained(model_id, scheduler=scheduler, use_auth_token=True)
pipe = pipe.to("cuda")

prompt = "a photo of an astronaut riding a horse on mars"
with autocast("cuda"):
    image = pipe(prompt, guidance_scale=7.5)["sample"][0]  
    
image.save("astronaut_rides_horse.png")

Uses

Direct Use

The model is intended for research purposes only. Possible research areas and tasks include

Safe deployment of models which have the potential to generate harmful content.
Probing and understanding the limitations and biases of generative models.
Generation of artworks and use in design and other artistic processes.
Applications in educational or creative tools.
Research on generative models.

Excluded uses are described below.

Misuse, Malicious Use, and Out-of-Scope Use

Note: This section is taken from the DALLE-MINI model card, but applies in the same way to Stable Diffusion v1.

The model should not be used to intentionally create or disseminate images that create hostile or alienating environments for people. This includes generating images that people would foreseeably find disturbing, distressing, or offensive; or content that propagates historical or current stereotypes.

Out-of-Scope Use

The model was not trained to be factual or true representations of people or events, and therefore using the model to generate such content is out-of-scope for the abilities of this model.

Misuse and Malicious Use

Using the model to generate content that is cruel to individuals is a misuse of this model. This includes, but is not limited to:

Generating demeaning, dehumanizing, or otherwise harmful representations of people or their environments, cultures, religions, etc.
Intentionally promoting or propagating discriminatory content or harmful stereotypes.
Impersonating individuals without their consent.
Sexual content without consent of the people who might see it.
Mis- and disinformation
Representations of egregious violence and gore
Sharing of copyrighted or licensed material in violation of its terms of use.
Sharing content that is an alteration of copyrighted or licensed material in violation of its terms of use.

Limitations and Bias

Limitations

The model does not achieve perfect photorealism
The model cannot render legible text
The model does not perform well on more difficult tasks which involve compositionality, such as rendering an image corresponding to “A red cube on top of a blue sphere”
Faces and people in general may not be generated properly.
The model was trained mainly with English captions and will not work as well in other languages.
The autoencoding part of the model is lossy
The model was trained on a large-scale dataset LAION-5B which contains adult material and is not fit for product use without additional safety mechanisms and considerations.
No additional measures were used to deduplicate the dataset. As a result, we observe some degree of memorization for images that are duplicated in the training data. The training data can be searched at https://rom1504.github.io/clip-retrieval/ to possibly assist in the detection of memorized images.

Bias

While the capabilities of image generation models are impressive, they can also reinforce or exacerbate social biases. Stable Diffusion v1 was trained on subsets of LAION-2B(en), which consists of images that are primarily limited to English descriptions. Texts and images from communities and cultures that use other languages are likely to be insufficiently accounted for. This affects the overall output of the model, as white and western cultures are often set as the default. Further, the ability of the model to generate content with non-English prompts is significantly worse than with English-language prompts.

Training

Training Data

The model developers used the following dataset for training the model:

LAION-2B (en) and subsets thereof (see next section)

Training Procedure

Stable Diffusion v1-4 is a latent diffusion model which combines an autoencoder with a diffusion model that is trained in the latent space of the autoencoder. During training,

Images are encoded through an encoder, which turns images into latent representations. The autoencoder uses a relative downsampling factor of 8 and maps images of shape H x W x 3 to latents of shape H/f x W/f x 4
Text prompts are encoded through a ViT-L/14 text-encoder.
The non-pooled output of the text encoder is fed into the UNet backbone of the latent diffusion model via cross-attention.
The loss is a reconstruction objective between the noise that was added to the latent and the prediction made by the UNet.

We currently provide four checkpoints, which were trained as follows.

stable-diffusion-v1-1: 237,000 steps at resolution 256x256 on laion2B-en. 194,000 steps at resolution 512x512 on laion-high-resolution (170M examples from LAION-5B with resolution >= 1024x1024).
stable-diffusion-v1-2: Resumed from stable-diffusion-v1-1. 515,000 steps at resolution 512x512 on "laion-improved-aesthetics" (a subset of laion2B-en, filtered to images with an original size >= 512x512, estimated aesthetics score > 5.0, and an estimated watermark probability < 0.5. The watermark estimate is from the LAION-5B metadata, the aesthetics score is estimated using an improved aesthetics estimator).
stable-diffusion-v1-3: Resumed from stable-diffusion-v1-2. 195,000 steps at resolution 512x512 on "laion-improved-aesthetics" and 10 % dropping of the text-conditioning to improve classifier-free guidance sampling.
stable-diffusion-v1-4 Resumed from stable-diffusion-v1-2.225,000 steps at resolution 512x512 on "laion-aesthetics v2 5+" and 10 % dropping of the text-conditioning to improve classifier-free guidance sampling.

Training details

Hardware: 32 x 8 x A100 GPUs
Optimizer: AdamW
Gradient Accumulations: 2
Batch: 32 x 8 x 2 x 4 = 2048
Learning rate: warmup to 0.0001 for 10,000 steps and then kept constant

Evaluation Results

Evaluations with different classifier-free guidance scales (1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0) and 50 PLMS sampling steps show the relative improvements of the checkpoints:

Evaluated using 50 PLMS steps and 10000 random prompts from the COCO2017 validation set, evaluated at 512x512 resolution. Not optimized for FID scores.

Environmental Impact

Stable Diffusion v1 Estimated Emissions Based on that information, we estimate the following CO2 emissions using the Machine Learning Impact calculator presented in Lacoste et al. (2019). The hardware, runtime, cloud provider, and compute region were utilized to estimate the carbon impact.

Hardware Type: A100 PCIe 40GB
Hours used: 150000
Cloud Provider: AWS
Compute Region: US-east
Carbon Emitted (Power consumption x Time x Carbon produced based on location of power grid): 11250 kg CO2 eq.

Citation

bibtex

    @InProceedings{Rombach_2022_CVPR,
        author    = {Rombach, Robin and Blattmann, Andreas and Lorenz, Dominik and Esser, Patrick and Ommer, Bj\"orn},
        title     = {High-Resolution Image Synthesis With Latent Diffusion Models},
        booktitle = {Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)},
        month     = {June},
        year      = {2022},
        pages     = {10684-10695}
    }

This model card was written by: Robin Rombach and Patrick Esser and is based on the DALL-E Mini model card.