🚀 Update Feb 14, 2025: Chronos-Bolt models are now available on Amazon SageMaker JumpStart! Check out the tutorial notebook to learn how to deploy Chronos endpoints for production use in a few lines of code.

Chronos-Bolt is a family of pretrained time series forecasting models which can be used for zero-shot forecasting. It is based on the T5 encoder-decoder architecture and has been trained on nearly 100 billion time series observations. It chunks the historical time series context into patches of multiple observations, which are then input into the encoder. The decoder then uses these representations to directly generate quantile forecasts across multiple future steps—a method known as direct multi-step forecasting. Chronos-Bolt models are up to 250 times faster and 20 times more memory-efficient than the original Chronos models of the same size.

The following plot compares the inference time of Chronos-Bolt against the original Chronos models for forecasting 1024 time series with a context length of 512 observations and a prediction horizon of 64 steps.

Chronos-Bolt models are not only significantly faster but also more accurate than the original Chronos models. The following plot reports the probabilistic and point forecasting performance of Chronos-Bolt in terms of the Weighted Quantile Loss (WQL) and the Mean Absolute Scaled Error (MASE), respectively, aggregated over 27 datasets (see the Chronos paper for details on this benchmark). Remarkably, despite having no prior exposure to these datasets during training, the zero-shot Chronos-Bolt models outperform commonly used statistical models and deep learning models that have been trained on these datasets (highlighted by *). Furthermore, they also perform better than other FMs, denoted by a +, which indicates that these models were pretrained on certain datasets in our benchmark and are not entirely zero-shot. Notably, Chronos-Bolt (Base) also surpasses the original Chronos (Large) model in terms of the forecasting accuracy while being over 600 times faster.

Chronos-Bolt models are available in the following sizes.

The recommended way of using Chronos for production use cases is through AutoGluon. AutoGluon offers effortless fine-tuning of Chronos models, incorporating covariates into the forecast through covariate regressors, and ensembling with other statistical and machine learning models for maximum accuracy. Check out the AutoGluon Chronos tutorial for more details.

A minimal example showing how to perform zero-shot inference using Chronos-Bolt with AutoGluon:

Install the required dependencies.

Forecast with the Chronos-Bolt model.

SageMaker JumpStart makes it easy to deploy Chronos endpoints for production use with just a few lines of code. Chronos-Bolt endpoints can be deployed to both CPU and GPU instances, as well as support forecasting with covariates. More details are available in this example notebook.

A minimal example showing how to deploy a Chronos-Bolt (Base) endpoint to SageMaker:

Update the SageMaker SDK to make sure that all the latest models are available.

Deploy an inference endpoint to SageMaker.

Now you can send time series data to the endpoint in JSON format.

Alternatively, you can install the package in the GitHub companion repo. This is intended for research purposes and provides a minimal interface to Chronos models. Install the library by running:

A minimal example showing how to perform inference using Chronos-Bolt models:

If you find Chronos or Chronos-Bolt models useful for your research, please consider citing the associated paper:

@article{ansari2024chronos,
    title={Chronos: Learning the Language of Time Series},
    author={Ansari, Abdul Fatir and Stella, Lorenzo and Turkmen, Caner and Zhang, Xiyuan, and Mercado, Pedro and Shen, Huibin and Shchur, Oleksandr and Rangapuram, Syama Syndar and Pineda Arango, Sebastian and Kapoor, Shubham and Zschiegner, Jasper and Maddix, Danielle C. and Mahoney, Michael W. and Torkkola, Kari and Gordon Wilson, Andrew and Bohlke-Schneider, Michael and Wang, Yuyang},
    journal={Transactions on Machine Learning Research},
    issn={2835-8856},
    year={2024},
    url={https://openreview.net/forum?id=gerNCVqqtR}
}

This project is licensed under the Apache-2.0 License.