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AgentRen/
torch-export-zero-payload-allocation-poc

pytorch

security

model-format-vulnerability

torch-export

pt2

denial-of-service

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Torch Export zero-byte raw tensor allocation PoC

This repository contains a minimal proof of concept for a Torch Export .pt2 resource-exhaustion issue.

Summary

Torch Export PT2 archives store raw tensor payload metadata separately from the archive record that contains the tensor bytes. When torch.export.load() encounters an empty raw tensor record, PyTorch treats the empty bytes as a special case and allocates a zero-filled tensor using the shape declared in model_weights_config.json.

The included malicious archive is 5,558 bytes on disk and declares a float32 tensor with shape [134217728]. Loading it causes PyTorch to allocate a 512 MiB zero tensor during normal torch.export.load().

This PoC does not use pickle, AOTInductor native libraries, or model execution. It exercises the raw tensor zero-byte fallback path.

Affected

PyTorch Torch Export PT2 loader
Source reviewed: pytorch/pytorch commit c7656354cff2e2c4f9aee5695d3e7f37e3006dd4
Runtime used for verification: torch==2.12.1+cpu

Reproduction

Install PyTorch with Torch Export support, then run:

python -c 'import torch; obj=torch.export.load("control.pt2"); print(obj.state_dict["p"].shape)'

Expected control result:

torch.Size([1])

Now load the malicious PT2:

python -c 'import torch; obj=torch.export.load("zero-payload-512m.pt2"); print(obj.state_dict["p"].shape)'

Expected uncapped result:

torch.Size([134217728])

That shape is a 512 MiB float32 tensor allocated from a 5,558-byte archive.

The included measurement script also demonstrates control/candidate separation under address-space caps:

python mutate_and_measure_pt2_zero_payload.py

Observed locally:

Control loads under 700 MiB, 900 MiB, and 1200 MiB address-space caps.
Candidate fails under 700 MiB and 900 MiB with:

DefaultCPUAllocator: can't allocate memory: you tried to allocate 536870912 bytes

Candidate succeeds under 1200 MiB and returns shape (134217728,).

Files

control.pt2 - benign control archive, SHA256 cb79c7913524f08255f74214f37b8bce500ac80b4bf6f2d6f3979116c42287c1
zero-payload-512m.pt2 - malicious 5,558-byte PT2 archive, SHA256 7e4c2c3ab37ac28f6ad4e307b77ae75fd2d655b15f9cbeb6832ac02702e2b18a
mutate_and_measure_pt2_zero_payload.py - generator/measurement script, SHA256 d1c3887e4f7d612c428c1a66c2ecada91d9b7bdcf42d17cc383303818b6f0690
zero_payload_measurements_latest.json - local measurement report, SHA256 33ee2b71e6964773228a693aba4696679167a49a9f806df844ec69bafe8ed311

Root Cause

In torch/export/pt2_archive/_package.py, the PT2 loader reads model_weights_config.json and the referenced raw tensor record. For non-empty records it validates byte alignment before mapping tensor storage. For empty records, it logs that torch.frombuffer() cannot operate on empty bytes and creates a zero tensor as a workaround:

torch.zeros(size, dtype=dtype, device=device)

The size value comes from archive-controlled tensor metadata, so a tiny PT2 archive can force a large allocation during load.

Suggested Fix

Reject zero-byte raw tensor payloads unless the declared tensor has zero elements. The loader should verify that the raw archive record size matches the declared dtype/shape storage requirement before allocating, and should not synthesize attacker-sized tensors from empty records during deserialization.

AgentRen/torch-export-zero-payload-allocation-poc